Practical network engineering
Learn Cisco, BGP and network security the way it works in production.
Step-by-step guides, labs and troubleshooting notes for CCNA, CCNP, routing, firewalls and automation. Written for engineers who want to understand the why, not just paste commands.
Latest guides
Stream of Knowledge
BGP
November 10, 2026
1. Opening A route reflector carrying thousands of VPNs does not need to send every VPN route to every PE. Route Target Constraint adds a c...
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Stream of Knowledge
BGP
November 08, 2026
1. Opening PE-CE BGP is where customer routing policy meets provider VPN policy. A route can be perfectly valid on the CE-PE session and st...
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Stream of Knowledge
BGP
November 07, 2026
1. Opening An MPLS L3VPN must solve two different problems: overlapping customer addresses need to become unique inside the provider contro...
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Stream of Knowledge
BGP
November 06, 2026
1. Opening IPv6 BGP is not a separate routing protocol; it uses MP-BGP to carry IPv6 unicast NLRI. The operational trap is assuming that be...
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Stream of Knowledge
BGP
November 05, 2026
1. Opening Day 8 introduced AFI/SAFI as vocabulary. This day goes deeper into the actual MP-BGP machinery. The key attributes are MP_REACH_...
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