Stream of Knowledge

  In this lesson, we explain   what the OSI model is   in an easy and understandable language. It is one of the most important concepts in networking, so we break it down into pieces to help you understand exactly what its purpose is. What is data encapsulation? To understand the OSI model, you must first understand what data encapsulation is. Let's explore the following example. Imagine you want  to send a letter to a friend  who lives in another city to invite him to your wedding. What if you send the letter without an envelope, with any information, such as the sender's and recipient's names, addresses, and postcodes? What if you simply write the letter and drop it in the mailbox at the post office?  Most readers of this CCNA course are so young that  they've never sent a physical letter in their lives . They live in the digital age and have grown up with emails and instant text messages. However, surprisingly, everyone understands the concept of th...

 How ARP Works: Understanding ARP Requests, Replies, and ARP Cache Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is an essential protocol in the world of networking. It's responsible for mapping IP addresses to MAC addresses within a local area network (LAN). 🔄 How ARP Works When a host wants to communicate with another device, it needs the MAC address associated with the destination IP. If the MAC address is unknown, the host sends out a broadcast ARP Request asking: 🗨️ “Who has IP address X.X.X.X? Tell me your MAC address.” The device with the matching IP sends an ARP Reply with its MAC address, allowing communication to begin. 📨 ARP Messages ARP uses two packet types: ARP Request Destination MAC: FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF (broadcast) Target MAC: 00-00-00-00-00-00 (unknown) ARP Reply Uses unicast MAC addresses for both source and destination Header Fields Include: Source MAC and IP Target MAC and IP 🧪 Real-World Examples Host-to-Host on Same Network PC2 want...

 Cisco SD-WAN revolutionizes network management by decoupling the control and management planes from WAN edge routers, centralizing them in software-based controllers. This architectural shift improves security, availability, and scalability, making Cisco SD-WAN a preferred choice for managing large and distributed networks. In this blog post, we’ll explore the roles of vEdge routers and the SD-WAN controllers, namely vSmart, vManage, and vBond, each of which interacts with WAN edge devices in unique ways to ensure secure, streamlined, and reliable control connections. Control Connections and Security Protocols Each vEdge router establishes secure control connections to SD-WAN controllers using DTLS or TLS protocols. DTLS, which operates over UDP, is the default protocol due to its efficiency and speed, while TLS, running over TCP, provides slightly enhanced reliability. These protocols create secured tunnels that shield the control plane protocols (such as OMP, NETCONF, and SNMP) ...

In this blog post, we dive deep into the art of subnetting IPv4 addresses, a crucial skill for network administrators and engineers. We start with the fundamentals of subnetting, explaining how IP addresses are divided into network and host portions. The post includes a variety of practice questions, each accompanied by detailed explanations to help you master the concepts. Whether you're preparing for certification exams or just brushing up on your skills, this guide will provide you with the knowledge and confidence you need to tackle subnetting challenges. #Subnetting #IPv4 #Networking #IP Addressing #CCNA #Network Administration #IT_Certification #Practice Questions #NetworkEngineering #Subnetting #Explained (Solutions Provided at End) Question #1 What is the range of assignable IP addresses for a subnet containing an IP address of 172.16.1.10 /19? a. 172.16.0.1 – 172.16.31.254 b. 172.16.0.1 – 172.16.63.254 c. 172.16.0.0 – 172.16.31.255 d. 172.16.0...

MPLS TROUBLESHOOTING TIPS FOR CISCO AND JUNIPER #mpls #cisco #juniper #troubleshooting #huawei #copy #tutorial Basic MPLS Troubleshooting Tips 1. Verifying MPLS Configuration: Cisco: Use  show mpls interfaces  to verify that MPLS is enabled on the correct interfaces. Check  show mpls ldp neighbor  to ensure that Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) neighbors are discovered, and that the session is up. Juniper: Use  show mpls interface  to check MPLS status on interfaces. Utilize  show mpls ldp session  to confirm LDP neighbor sessions. 2. Checking Label Switch Paths (LSP): Cisco: Use  show mpls ldp bindings  to display local and remote label bindings. show mpls forwarding-table  helps to inspect the labels being forwarded and their corresponding next-hops. Juniper: Use  show mpls lsp extensive  to get detailed information about the LSPs. show route table mpls.0  to view the label-switched routes. 3. Ensuring Proper Route...

Prepare Data for Exploration: Weekly challenge 4 1 . Question 1 A data analytics team labels its files to indicate their content, creation date, and version number. The team is using what data organization tool? 1 / 1  point File-naming verifications File-naming references File-naming conventions File-naming attributes Correct 2 . Question 2 Your boss assigns you a new multi-phase project and you create a naming convention for all of your files. With this project lasting years and incorporating multiple analysts it’s crucial that you create data explaining how your naming conventions are structured. What is this data called? 0 / 1  point Descriptive data Named convention Metadata Labeled data Incorrect Please review the video on naming conventions . 3 . Question 3 A grocery store is collecting inventory data from their produce section. What is an appropriate naming convention for this file? 0 / 1  point Todays_Produce Produce_Inventory_2022-0...