Stream of Knowledge

 I-BGP USING FULL MESH NEIGHBORSHIP & BGP SPLIT HORIZON RULE Assign the basic IP Addressing as per the routers! Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#hostname R-1 R-1(config)#interface gig0/0 R-1(config-if)#ip add 1.1.1.1 255.0.0.0 R-1(config-if)#no shut R-1(config-if)#exit R-1(config)#interface gig0/1 R-1(config-if)#ip add 4.4.4.2 255.0.0.0 R-1(config-if)#no shut R-1(config-if)#exit R-1(config)#interface gig0/2 R-1(config-if)#ip add 10.1.1.1 255.0.0.0 R-1(config-if)#no shut R-1(config-if)#exit . Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#hostname R-2 R-2(config)#interface gig0/0 R-2(config-if)#ip add 1.1.1.2 255.0.0.0 R-2(config-if)#no shut R-2(config-if)#exit R-2(config)#int gig0/1 R-2(config-if)#ip add 2.2.2.1 255.0.0.0 R-2(config-if)#no shut R-2(config-if)#exit R-2(config)#interface gig0/2 R-2(config-if)#ip add 20.1.1.1 255.0.0.0 R-2(config-if)#no shut R-2(config-if)#exit Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#hostname...

 Open Shortest Path First ( OSPF ) is one of the most widely used interior gateway protocols (IGPs) in enterprise and service provider networks. It helps routers dynamically discover the best path to reach every destination within an autonomous system. However, one of the most important — yet often misunderstood — parts of OSPF configuration is “Network Types.” In this article, we’ll break down the different OSPF network types , their uses , benefits , limitations , requirements , and a comparison between them. Whether you’re preparing for CCNA, CCNP , or designing large-scale networks, understanding OSPF network types is critical for efficient routing and convergence. 🧩 What Are OSPF Network Types? OSPF supports several network types that define how routers communicate within a particular link or segment. Each network type affects: How Hello packets are exchanged Whether a Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) are elected What kind of adjacen...

 When learning about networking, one of the most critical layers to understand in the OSI Model is the Transport Layer (Layer 4) . This layer acts as a bridge between the applications you use daily (Layer 7) and the network infrastructure that actually delivers data (Layers 1–3). Two major protocols dominate this layer: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – reliable, connection-oriented. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) – fast, connectionless. The Transport Layer. In this guide, we’ll explore the Transport Layer in the OSI model , break down the TCP and UDP headers , and explain why this layer is so important for both network engineers (CCNA, CCNP, CCIE prep) and everyday internet users. 🔹 What is the Transport Layer (Layer 4 of the OSI Model)? The Transport Layer is responsible for end-to-end communication between applications running on different devices across a network. It ensures that: Data gets delivered to the correct application using port numbers . Data ...